We have the resources to adapt, although many would die in the short term.
Energy will still be plentiful: Nuclear, Oil, Gas, Coal --> not dependent on sunlight
Food will have to be grown indoors with artificial light --> this will be the biggest problem since we're not ready to do this yet. Many will starve until these get started.
Cold: this sucks but given enough energy we're fine. Look at the nordics, they thrive in the cold most of the year and are among the most performant economies.
The first to die will be those countries with the poorest agricultural capacity: Africa, Middle East. Also taking a big hit will be the over crowded Asian Countries: China, India, Bangladesh, etc.
Who will survive: North America, Europe and Australia will do fine. South America and Asia will pull through but with many casualties. Africa will suffer greatly.